Dog - Wikipedia. Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris). This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet . The English word dog comes from Middle Englishdogge, from Old Englishdocga, a . The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely. INTER.NET NO CONTRACT RESIDENTIAL PHONE AND INTERNET SERVICE offering no contract Phone and Internet service so you can try something different and better with. Not all of us have an easy time getting to know the people who live above, below, or next to us. When you’ve only exchanged brief hellos, it can be tough to ask. It is believed this . The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Annotated Bibliography of Works on Extensive Reading in a Second Language. Arranged in Alphabetical Order. Liu, I., & Young, S. 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In some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud. An adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females (that is, animals that are incapable of reproduction) are pups or puppies. A group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter. The father of a litter is a sire. It is possible for one litter to have multiple sires. The mother of a litter is a dam. A group of any three or more adults is a pack. Taxonomy. In 1. 75. Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae the classification of species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris (Linnaeus, 1. Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1. Canis lupus has been universally used for this species. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus what he proposed to be two subspecies: . Although this may stretch the subspecies concept, it retains the correct allocation of synonyms. They also disagree with Crowther, based on the overlap between dogs and dingoes in their morphology, in their ability to easily hybridize with each other, and that they show the signs of domestication by both having a cranium of smaller capacity than their progenitor, the wolf. Given that Canis familiaris (Linnaeus, 1. Canis dingo (Meyer, 1. Canis familiaris. Tedford proposed that the dog should be classified as Canis lupus familiaris under the Biological Species Concept and Canis familiaris under the Evolutionary Species Concept. The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis (canines) that forms part of the wolf- like canids. Anatomy. Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6. The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 1. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional . As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep- chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning). Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. Mixed- breed dogs have been found to run faster and live longer than their pure- bred parents (See heterosis)In 2. On 5 December 2. 01. Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 2. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. An average litter consists of about six puppies. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Mortality due to infection was found to increase significantly with increases in inbreeding. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 2. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, . Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non- social problem- solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem- solving abilities once they joined humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social- cognitive skills of human children. Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture. Comparison with wolves. Physical characteristics. Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter- breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight- or- flight response. A review of the studies in the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. In many cultures, there are strong social and emotional bonds between humans and their dogs that can be seen as family members or working team members. The loss of a dog can lead to strong emotional responses with demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet, however all- meat diets are not recommended for dogs due to their lack of calcium and iron. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. DNA microsatellite analyses of 8. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname . In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat. They are powerful animals, and are said to be able to kill a tiger. During the day they are kept chained up, and are let loose at night to guard their masters' house. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,4. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America. From the 1. 98. 0s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. However it has been disputed that . Bleacher Report . Now. Lil B THE BASEDGOD@LILBTHEBASEDGODLonzo ball is a few seconds away from being cursed his rookie year on the lakers, nas is hip hop and always relevant, watch ur team - Lil B2. RECORD STORE DAY - RECORD STORE DAY 2. MORE INFOP. N. E. Garden Auditorium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 7/2. Grateful Dead's debut performance outside of the United States. Their complete July 2. LP, 1. 80 gram vinyl- set, with four bonus tracks from the ensuing 7/3. Original cover art by Canadian poster artist Bob Masse, the iconic '6. 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